Schreiber, M. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-008-9055-y. Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management,2(1), 917. We conduct our search using keywords Covid-19, coronavirus, and sars-cov-2 to locate publications with these words in the title. Appendix (Figs. 2019). The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. Problems of citation analysis: A critical review. CiteScore covers all journal titles in Elsevier's Scopus database and is released once a year. (1998). We compare these rates with citation rates for non-Covid-19 articles published in the same 24 journals over an identical time frame. Gender differences in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. "[61][62], According to Mario Biagioli: "All metrics of scientific evaluation are bound to be abused. 2, are collated in the Appendix ( Figs. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. The linear analysis provides an accessible dataset for initial interpretation of citation rates. 237280). Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Frontiers in Physics, 4, article number 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2016.00049. Science and technology in a democratic order. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(7), 13231332. Self-citation by researchers: Narcissism or an inevitable outcome of a cohesive and sustained research program? Welcome to the Next Generation Essential Science Indicators. Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank. Citation Impact can vary significantly across Journal of Informetrics,12(3), 931949. King, M. M., Bergstrom, C. T., Correll, S. J., Jacquet, J., & West, J. D. (2017). Results The search identified 296 articles of reporting guidelines . The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided by the total number of papers. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. This equates to a Covid-19: non-Covid-19 ratio of 5.58 citations per article. Biagioli, M., Kenney, M., Martin, B. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.07.009. 3 (self-referencing) and Fig. The self-referencing median rates and outlier thresholds are similar across fields but these are more variable for the self-citation indicators. Some results on function and quality of citations. Open access scientometrics and the UK Research Assessment Exercise. Article citations also increased by 46%, totalling 3 million citations. Egghe, L. (1987). The first example of automated citation indexing was CiteSeer, later to be followed by Google Scholar. Profesional de la Informacin,27(2), 241253. Current Cap Rates for Apartments in the 50 Largest Multifamily Markets. ), Springer handbook of science and technology indicators (pp. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,69(7), 949952. An updated review of studies on citations in scientific documents published between 2006 and 2018. Linear plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. *Neurosciences: The ranking is calculated from total citations for all journals in the Frontiers Neuroscience journal series, in the Neuroscience subject area (JCR 2021 update). PLOS ONE, impact factor 3.1) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles. impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Ferrara, E., & Romero, A. E. (2013). The disciplines chosen were respiratory, cardiology, immunology, radiology, microbiology, gastroenterology and hepatology, general and internal medicine, and multidisciplinary sciences. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000045117.13348.b1. Torres-Salinas, D., Robinson-Garcia, N., & Moed, H. F. (2019). 1 with the parameters of a lognormal fit to a negative binomial distribution. affiliations represented by the authors of the citing works (academia, industry, government, etc. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. However, this citation trend in Covid-19 literature has not been limited to only a select few articles. [1][2][3][4][5] Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics,[6][7] specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. Social Studies of Science,5(4), 423441. (1986). For everything except humanities, those numbers are far from 90% but they are still high: One third of social science articles go uncited! InCites Benchmarking & Analytics is a research analytics tool. In addition, self-citation rises with number of authors on a publication, as is also seen for citation impact (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Larivive et al. Scientometrics,59(1), 6377. *Neurosciences: The ranking is calculated from total citations for all journals in the Frontiers Neuroscience journal series, in the Neuroscience subject area (CiteScore 2020 edition). Bjrk, B. C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020). This number dips only slightly to 82% when the smaller, randomized sample is compared. We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. (2017). Citation analysis: Queries and caveats. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. in 2008 received 20.42 citations. It is said that one persons outlier may be, for an NBD, simply an extreme part of the skew. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Zaggl, M. A. A paper with an exceptionally high ratio of self- to total-cites is clearly not reflecting the same degree of influence as one with a similar citation count where most of the cites are from other researchers. A threshold for indicative outliers was then introduced to the graphical analysis. Most notably, its categorization of a publication as Article seems imperfect. The calculation of field normalized citation metrics depends on the type of metric you're using. Many have observed that the term self-citation is frequently used to mean two different forms or modes of self-mention: self-referencing (cited reference to self within a list in ones own publication); and self-citing (citations from ones own work among all citations to ones publications). To aid in interpretation, therefore, we adopted a graphical approach and both linear and log plots and analyses of referencing and citing rates were examined. 2019; Kacem et al. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World,3, 122. Average citation rates of these subsets are commonly used as a baseline so that one can compare among disciplines. 6, 7, 8 and 9. Not to be confused with. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23266. The Journal Normalized Citation Impact of a single publication is the ratio of the actual number of citing items to the average citation rate of publications in the same journal in the same year and with the same document type . As Garfield (1979) noted four decades ago, we can also take into account the venues in which the work appears. 129-144). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0703-z. An important recent development in research on citation impact is the discovery of universality, or citation impact patterns that hold across different disciplines in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON229, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00253-8, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-1911-march-2020, https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/basic-search, https://jcr.clarivate.com/jcr/home?Init=Yes&SrcApp=IC2LS, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. A higher rate of self-citation is expected for co-author than for strict author self-citation, and, in general, a rising rate of co-author self-citation is observed with the growth in average number of authors per paper over time (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b). It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2490-z. PMC offers a feature that allows for location of citing works in PMC. A clear exception to the general profile is Mathematics, where self-citation rates in the continuous distribution may be well above 30%. The Scopus web site claims this database is the "largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature and quality web sources with smart tools to track, analyze and visualize research." A review of the literature on citation impact indicators. This means that other publications such as letters, editorials, perspectives, and opinions were not included in our search criteria which leaves a large number of publications out of the study. The report does not reveal how many citations are A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). Across eight selected fields, the median citation for a Covid-19 paper approaches six times that of a non-Covid-19 paper within the same journals. The simplest journal-level metric is the journal impact factor (JIF), the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year, as calculated by Clarivate. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. In addition, we included papers categorized by Web of Science as Review to capture meta-analyses and systematic reviews as well. 2), Log plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-citation to highly cited papers authored by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. [47] Two reasons for this are that many of the top-cited journals today are still only hybrid OA (author has the option to pay for gold)[48] and many pure author-pays OA journals today are either of low quality or downright fraudulent "predatory journals," preying on authors' eagerness to publish-or-perish, thereby lowering the average citation counts of OA journals.[49]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-0006-3. Self-citations: The stepchildren of scientometrics? From the record page for a work, use the Cited By Other Articles in PMC feature to find other citing works in PMC. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers. (2016). For example, if the value of the 1.00% percentile is 15, a paper in the same research field in the same year must receive at least 15 citations to belong to that percentile. Citations are widely considered to be an indicator of a published works significance but how can an analyst confirm whether a high citation count for an individual is a genuine reflection mark of influence or a consequence of other factors such as extraordinary, even excessive, self-referencing? This paper introduces a graphical method for testing for indicative excessive author self-citation and hence distinguishing this, via informed data review, from the true performance of the most influential researchers. The upper quartile values rise from 3% (ECB) to 11% (ENG). Probing the effect of author self-citations on h index: A case study of environmental engineering. Field normalized citation metrics are an article level metric. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. Academic misconduct, misrepresentation and gaming: A reassessment. The 10-year average for Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. 2019). This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. So the RCR would be 9 citations per year / 6 citations per year = 1.5. Kaplan, N. (1965). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Zhao and Strotmann (2018) argued, on the basis on in-text analysis, that self-citations may be more important than other types of citation. (2019) also urge that self-citations should remain in a citation record and that what is needed is transparency, not removal. Central range is used here as a descriptive, non-technical term to indicate the more consistent plateau of similar self-citation rates within each field that encompasses somewhat more than the inter-quartile range for these data. As with all bibliometric indicators, field variation is significant, so much depends on field definition and the alignment of individuals and their work. Davis, P. M. (2009). Yang, D. H., Li, X., Sun, X. X., & Wan, J. Citation: Brandt MD, Ghozy SA, Kallmes DF, McDonald RJ, Kadirvel RD (2022) Comparison of citation rates between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles across 24 major scientific journals. 2004, 2006; Glnzel and Thijs 2004a, b; Schubert et al. In-text function of author self-citations: Implications for research evaluation practice. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,37(1), 3436. Example: An article published in 2017 has been cited 5 times in 2017, 10 times in 2018, 5 times in 2019, and 12 times in 2020. Self-citation and self-reference: Credibility and promotion in academic publication. These novel findings demonstrate that Covid-19 papers are being cited at remarkably higher rates than non-Covid-19 articles contained within the same journals. Like any metric, field normalized citation metrics have their limitations. Hirsch, J. E. (2005). Because this dataset includes what are acknowledged to be particularly influential researchers, the results may not be wholly typical of the average researcher in the field but should serve as a bellwether for culturally appropriate citation practice. Ioannidis, J. P. A. Keep in mind that citation rates are calculated from citation counts of papers that meet the criteria for inclusion in ESI. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators. 's (2016) paper. Any paper published in the 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same period. Minasny, B., Hartemink, A. E., & McBratney, A. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology, 1:115126 (Reprinted in: Merton, R. K. (1973). Their study found no penalty for self-citation but diminishing returns with respect to generating citations from others beyond a certain point. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors,published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. Note again our strong caveat: a graphical test draws attention to data that may be considered to lie outside behavioural norms for that field, where a statistical test is made problematic by the nature of a skewed distribution, but it still cannot by itself identify any one outlier as egregious. If there are indeed a significant number of individuals who abuse the conventional research system by inappropriate practice then why does the system not detect and sanction this at review before publication? An exact calculation of Prices Law for the Law of Lotka.
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