The mismatch in the SR literature identified by this overview demonstrates that more research must be done before an answer to this question can be determined. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. S6 Appendix. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . It can even provide reports, process results, students transcripts and . Additionally, at least 94 countries or territories include some form of school health services that are routinely delivered, as opposed to special research interventions [9]. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. This overview used the corrected covered area (CCA), a comprehensive and validated measure, to determine overlap [16]. All rights reserved. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. If school health services are to truly improve the health of children and adolescents, they must comprehensively address the most pressing problems of this population. All schools funded by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation are required to use the Healthy Schools Inventory for planning, national recognition, and program evaluation. Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. Similarly, some states require portions of the Healthy School Report Card to be completed. School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Table E. AMSTAR 2 checklist with designations of critical and non-critical. Two reviewers (KK and JL) screened all titles and abstracts using the inclusion/exclusion criteria and excluded all articles that were definitely ineligible. Vision screening is one of the most common forms of school health services [9], although the majority of programs are concentrated in high-income countries (HIC) [21]. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. This overview presents multiple effective interventions that may be offered as a part of school health services delivered by a health provider. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. Importance of maintaining school health records All three tools are useful for internal planning and program improvement. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. Outcomes across studies differed, but the authors noted trends toward improvement in menstruation knowledge, management practices, psychosocial outcomes, and school attendance. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. This overview was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) [11]. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. However, the leading causes of death and disability beyond self-harm and depressive disorders are currently not addressed. Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). Finally, for 1519 year olds, the leading causes of death were road injury, self-harm, interpersonal violence, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections [47]. The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. The majority of SRs assessed educational, counseling, or preventive interventions, most of which were special research interventions rather than routinely-delivered school health services. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Hennegan and Montgomery found a high level of heterogeneity and substantial risk of bias in the included studies overall, thus they were unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of menstrual management interventions [22]. Assessments of music [23] and art therapy [33] in two SRs reported weak evidence of effectiveness. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. This overview makes an important first step toward that guideline. Framework for 21st Century School Nursing Practice, Call for Conference Presentation Submissions, NCPD Contact Hours Certificates and Transcripts, Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy, Healthcare Information and Management Systems. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. The Advantages of Digitizing School Health Records - EduHealthSystem To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . School Records: Aim, Types, Maintenance & Cumulative Records In 2015, the top five leading causes of death for 59 year olds were lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, meningitis, drowning, and road injury [47]. Comprehensive school programs that promote healthy school environments, health and nutrition literacy, and physical activity are one of the six key areas for ending childhood obesity recommended by WHO [45]. In turn, good health is linked to reduceddrop-out rates and greater educational attainment,educational performance, employment andproductivity. Silver Spring, MD: Author. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. However, it should be noted that these SRs found mixed evidence of maintenance of effects over time [28,32,34,39]. Higgins and OSullivan assessed the FRIENDS for Life program, a manual-based cognitive behavioral anxiety prevention program comprised of ten sessions with developmentally-tailored programs for different age groups [32]. Retain all of your child's school accounts can help you see trends and patterns over time. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Quality appraisal of primary studies. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Evans and colleagues reviewed seven RCTs from China, India, and Tanzania on vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits at or before school entry (Table 3H) [21]. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. Panelists evaluate questions based on best practices and emerging research on addressing heath behaviors and the school health environment. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. For example, the exclusion of observational studies limits the ability of this overview to assess interventions where controlled studies may be unethical or impractical, such as for an intervention that has been clearly shown to be effective when delivered in a different context and the school health service program wishes to include it. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. Through a comprehensive literature search, the overview aimed to identify health areas and specific school health service interventions that have at least some evidence of effectiveness. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Any of these three school health assessments will be helpful in data-driven decision making and action planning. Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. Evans and colleagues found strong evidence from China, Tanzania, and India that school vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits increased wearing of spectacles when spectacles were provided at no cost [21]. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. Meaningful use of school health data - PubMed CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. School Health Documentation - National Association of School Nurses - NASN State and local stakeholders are encouraged to use other data, such as youth behavior surveys and public health surveillance, to identify which health risks have the greatest impact on students. National Association of School Nurses. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. Amongthose approaches, pairing children with healthservices occupies an important place. Excluded full text articles. You can review and change the way we collect information below. The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. of school health services globally: AMSTAR 2 classifications and results. It is important to take this into account when interpreting results. In 1995, WHO launched the Global School Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthen approaches to health promotion in schools. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. The Advantages of Digitizing School Health Records Digitalization of documents is becoming more popular. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. This systematic review of systematic reviews, henceforth referred to as an overview, will inform the upcoming development of a WHO guideline that addresses the school health services component of health-promoting schools and feeds into the FRESH framework. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. PDF School Health Records: Privacy and access - PACER Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. 1720 references were identified from the systematic literature search. While this overview found significant gaps in the evidence for certain health areas, this does not necessarily mean that relevant high quality primary trials have not been conducted. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Searches were performed on June 15, 2018. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. School Health Services | Healthy Schools | CDC Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. PDF The Importance of Health Records - Scientific Research Publishing Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. The final three SRs either did not state the locations of included studies [27,34] or provided regions rather than specific country locations [26]. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. Finally, the overview aimed to identify the health areas and specific school health services interventions for which no SRs were found, whether because the primary literature does not exist or where there are primary studies but no SR has been conducted. More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. Ukraine war latest: Russia makes first comments on missile strikes Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. PDF The Role of Records Keeping for Effective Primary Schools In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. School Nurses' Role Expands With Access To Students' Online Health Records Why are there different school health assessments?Different school health assessments are available to address specific areas of concern in school health and school improvement efforts. Maintaining Accurate & Systematic Student Records - Study.com Web Annex B. Instead, the authors determined which of the 16 items on the checklist were critical for this overview and which of the items were non-critical. Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). Funding issues. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. (PDF) The Importance of Health Records - ResearchGate Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. Make the most of doctor visits. DoE Issues New Guidance on FERPA and Student Health Records Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. Articles that received conflicting votes (ineligible vs. potentially or probably eligible) were discussed and consensus was reached.
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